The mare represents a reproductive paradox among domestic species. Despite the physiological stress of late gestation and the immediate dema...
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework emphasizes that prenatal and early postnatal environments have long-term consequence...
Introduction Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by multiple viral and bacterial pa...
Introduction Vaccination plays a critical role in controlling canine infectious respiratory disease complex. While several vaccines are availab...
Introduction Respiratory disease is one of the most common health problems in dogs housed in crowded environments such as shelters and pet shop...
Introduction Antibiotic therapy in canine infectious tracheobronchitis (ITB) remains controversial because the disease is primarily v...
Canine bacterial pneumonia is a common respiratory disorder that may occur as a primary disease or secondary to aspiration, viral...
Bacterial pneumonia is defined as inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma due to bacterial infection. In dogs, the most common forms include communit...
Introduction Bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats presents with variable clinical severity, inconsistent laboratory findings and overlapping im...
Introduction While imaging and laboratory findings may strongly suggest bacterial pneumonia, definitive diagnosis requires identification of in...
Bacterial pneumonia remains the most commonly detected type of pneumonia in dogs and cats; however, fungal, parasitic an...
Lactose is the primary carbohydrate found in the milk of mammals and constitutes approximately 4.7–5.0% of cow’s milk. While milk and milk...
Lactose intolerance in dogs is often underestimated in clinical practice, despite being a frequent cause of gastrointestinal disturbances, especially...
Lactose intolerance in dogs is a commonly encountered yet frequently misunderstood nutritional condition in veterinary practice. W...
Despite the rapid evolution of cardiac diagnostic tools such as echocardiography, advanced imaging, and biomarker testing, the value of medical histor...
General examination is a critical first step in the assessment of dogs and cats presenting with suspected cardiac or respiratory disease. Wh...
A systematic cardiorespiratory examination remains one of the most powerful diagnostic tools in small animal practice. Inspection, palp...
Comprehensive Perioperative Pain Control Feline ovariohysterectomy is painful. We manipulate richly innervated ovarian tissue, create surgical...
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting cattle and water buffaloes in India. Characterized by fever, n...
Feline ovariohysterectomy (OHE) success starts well before you make that first incision. Thorough pre-operative preparation optimizes patien...
Traditional and Innovative Approaches Feline ovariohysterectomy offers multiple evidence-based surgical approaches. From traditional midline ce...
The Critical Post-Surgical Period Surgery doesn't end when the last suture is placed. For feline ovariohysterectomy, events in th...
Achieving a 12–13 month calving interval remains central to profitable dairy production¹. To meet this target, cows must conceive as early...
Despite high fertilization potential with a single insemination, average pregnancy rates following fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in beef c...
Embryonic mortality and pregnancy loss remain major constraints to reproductive efficiency in both beef and dairy cattle. Despite relatively high...
Pregnancy loss in high-producing dairy cows is rarely random. In many herds, it represents the downstream effect of uterine and transition...
Ultrasonography is now an essential tool in bovine reproductive practice because it allows veterinarians to evaluate both structural and functional fe...
Introduction Successful pregnancy establishment in cattle depends heavily on the development of a healthy preovulatory follicle (POF) cont...
For practicing veterinarians, reproductive efficiency directly drives herd profitability and productivity. Modern reproductive management focuses...
Even when fertilization occurs successfully, many pregnancies fail during early gestation. Fertilization rates may reach 77–90% in dairy cows, y...
Assisted reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) have significantly advanced veterinary reproduct...
Common husbandry procedures such as castration, disbudding, and branding are widely recognized as painful for cattle and represent an important animal...
The transition period in dairy cows, defined as the last 21 days pre-calving to the first 21 days post-calving, is one of the most metabolic...
In modern dairy production systems, the transition period represents a critical physiological bottleneck where metabolic adaptation det...
Fatty liver has become increasingly prevalent as genetic selection for milk production has intensified metabolic demands during early lactation. Moder...
The transition period, spanning 21 days before to 21 days after parturition, is characterized by profound metabolic, endocrine, immune, and...
The transition period, defined as the three weeks before calving through three weeks postpartum, represents the most metabolically demanding...
Fatty liver syndrome is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders affecting high-producing dairy cows during the periparturient period and continu...
Fatty liver disease is a frequently encountered nutritional–metabolic disorder in high-yielding dairy cows, particularly during t...
Fatty liver disease is one of the most common metabolic disorders affecting dairy cows during the periparturient and early postpartum period. It prima...
Weaning is one of the most critical transitional phases in a foal’s early life, carrying lasting implications for growth, health, behavior, and...
Weaning is not a single event but a complex management decision that directly influences a foal’s physiological stability, behavioral...
Reproductive seasonality in horses is a classic example of how environmental cues shape endocrine function and fertility. For veterinarians and breede...
Foaling represents one of the most complex physiological transitions in the life of the horse. Beyond mechanical parturition and passive imm...
Pain is a fundamental biological defense mechanism that affects both physiological systems and emotional state, most commonly arising in response to t...
Horse mares exhibit a unique reproductive characteristic among domestic animals, the ability to resume ovarian cyclicity remarkably quickly...
In the evolving landscape of global health, veterinarians are no longer confined to treating individual animals within clinic walls. The One...
Zoonotic diseases, those that are transmitted between animals and humans, represent some of the greatest challenges to global health in the 21st centu...
The health of humans, animals, and the environment is increasingly understood to be intricately linked rather than separate domains. Mo...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has evolved into a critical global health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment. Resistant pathogens c...
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the&n...
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a Capripoxvirus of the Poxv...
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a capripoxvirus-induced viral disease affecting cattle and buffaloes. Vaccination remains the cornerstone o...
Introduction Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is a leading cause of stifle instability and hindlimb lameness in dogs. Medial me...
Introduction Cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) is a frequent cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs. The cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) stab...
Introduction Patellar luxation is one of the most frequently encountered orthopedic conditions in dogs. While diagnosis is often...
Introduction Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis, OA) of the canine stifle often develops silently, with structural changes preceding ob...
Introduction Rehabilitation is an integral part of recovery after canine knee surgery. Whether a dog has undergone stabilization for cranial cr...
Diabetes mellitus in dogs is a chronic endocrine disease characterised primarily by insulin deficiency resulting from pancreatic β-cell...
Monitoring glycaemic control is fundamental to managing canine diabetes mellitus, yet traditional methods such as single blood glucose measu...
In dogs with diabetes mellitus, persistent hyperglycaemia or wide glycaemic variability despite appropriate insulin ther...
Feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) is a common endocrine disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia and impaired glucose meta...
Introduction Feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) is a common endocrine disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia due t...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a daily clinical challenge for veterinarians across companion animal, livestock, and mixed practices. Therap...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly affecting treatment outcomes in animal health. The FAVA Strategy to Tackle AMR (2021–2025)&n...
The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has prompted veterinarians to adopt alternatives to antibiotics for preventing and managing common infecti...
Corneal ulceration remains one of the most time-critical presentations in small-animal and equine ophthalmology. Despite its frequency, earl...
Introduction The eyes are highly sensitive organs, and subtle signs such as discharge, redness, or squinting can indicate s...
Chronic corneal irritation is a frequent, progressive and welfare-important problem in brachycephalic dogs. The conformational features of...
Canine follicular conjunctivitis (CFC) is a relatively common ocular surface condition in practice, but the published data describing its c...
Cataracts continue to be one of the most frequent and often most frustrating causes of vision loss in dogs. What may start as a subtle lens ...
Introduction Reproductive efficiency remains one of the strongest drivers of economic performance in cattle herds, particularly in re...
Heat stress has transitioned from a seasonal inconvenience to a major barrier to dairy and beef productivity in tropical and subtropical regions. Incr...
Assisted reproductive technologies have shifted from specialised breeding units into routine dairy herd management, driven by improveme...
Mastitis is not merely an episodic disease; it is a structural threat to herd productivity and genetic progress. Subclinical and clinical mastitis red...
Repeat‑breeder cows, those failing to conceive after three or more inseminations despite regular estrous cycles and no obvious genital&...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs remains one of the most frequently diagnosed endocrine disorders in small-animal practice. While typically seen in midd...
Pin loosening remains one of the most common challenges faced during external skeletal fixation (ESF) in veterinary orthopaed...
Introduction Diabetic dogs presenting in decompensated states whether diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or severe hyperglycemia with dehydration requ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder in dogs, requiring careful monitoring to optimize insulin therapy and maintain&nb...
Selecting the appropriate fixation method in cats depends on fracture location and pattern, the cat’s overall health, and the sur...
Femoral fractures in cats are challenging injuries that require careful planning. Successful management balances mechanical stability with biological...
Subclinical infections caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) continue to compromise poult...
Feline femoral fractures are among the most challenging orthopedic injuries in small animal practices. Successful management demands an understanding...
Quadriceps contracture is a challenging but preventable complication in feline orthopaedic practice. It typically develops after femoral fra...
Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), caused primarily by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), ...
Introduction Feeding practices for pets have changed significantly over the past decade, with many owners moving away from exclusively commerci...
Aging in dogs and cats brings progressive changes in metabolism, digestion, and body composition that directly influence health, longevity, and qualit...
Lower urinary tract signs (LUTS) in cats—including dysuria, haematuria, periuria, pollakiuria, and stranguria are common pre...
Introduction Lower urinary tract signs (LUTS) in cats—such as dysuria, haematuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, and periuria&md...
Every vet sees vomiting dogs almost daily, but the smart clinician knows that every vomiter is telling a different story. The trick lies in decoding i...
The first remission feels like a win — the dog’s seizures stop, balance improves, and the MRI finally looks clean. But weeks or m...
Why Not Every “Gastric Case” Starts in the Gut Vomiting is one of the most frequent presenting complaints in small animal practice....
Among canine neurological conditions, Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin (MUO) remains one of the most challenging to diagnose and manage. Once con...
What do you do when the MRI looks clean, but the seizures don’t stop? That’s the daily puzzle meningoencephalitis of unknown origin...
Vomiting in Dogs: When the Stomach Isn’t to Blame Recognizing systemic patterns behind a common sign Vomiting is one of the most fr...
Introduction Vomiting in dogs is a symptom, not a standalone diagnosis. Its characteristics — how often it happens, when it happens relat...
No fever, Bloodwork normal, but still, a small-breed dog is acting strangely, presenting with sudden seizures and circling. Now, you are standing at a...
Pet nutrition is rapidly becoming a central concern for Indian pet parents—and with that comes the inevitable question: homemade or commercial?...
In veterinary practice across India, one common mistake stands out—feeding dogs the same diet throughout their lives. Whether it's a boister...
In recent years, a growing concern has quietly padded into vet clinics across India’s metros—overweight and obese pets. From Mumbai’...
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has quietly become one of the most frequently diagnosed chronic conditions among aging dogs and cats in India. Affecting...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting the canine population, with studies estimating radiographic evidence in...
Feline osteoarthritis (OA) is a widely under-recognized condition in clinical practice, particularly in India, where awareness about chronic pain in...
Injectable options for managing canine osteoarthritis (OA) have gained traction in India as veterinarians move toward multimodal and client-friendly p...
Hindlimb lameness is a frequent presenting complaint in Indian veterinary clinics, especially among large-breed dogs. Accurate diagnosis and effectiv...
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is not just a theoretical problem; its effects are seen in daily veterinary cases. AMR develops when bacteria evolve to...
Subtle but common practices in veterinary clinics may be contributing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms. Empirical use of Schedule H1...
Culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing stands as a powerful yet often overlooked resource in the realm of small animal veterinary care. In many pra...
Even clinics with the best intentions may unknowingly contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here are four frequent mistakes and practical solu...
Skin issues may seem superficial, but for many Indian pets—and their vets—they're a constant battle rooted in deeper problems. Dermat...
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