Decoding the Cornea: A Practical Roadmap for Immediate Clinical Application.

Corneal diseases in veterinary ophthalmology present with characteristic colour changes—blue from edema, red from vascularization, yellow from cellular infiltration, white from deposits, and brown or black from pigmentation—each reflecting distinct pathological processes. Recognizing these patterns is essential for accurate diagnosis and assessing disease severity. Non-ulcerative corneal disorders, often immune-mediated, degenerative, or congenital, cause opacity without epithelial loss and require targeted evaluation and management. In contrast, corneal ulcers demand urgent classification by depth, chronicity, etiology, and location to guide appropriate treatment and prevent complications. A systematic approach integrating visual assessment, diagnostic testing, and staged therapy enables veterinarians to differentiate between inflammatory, infectious, and degenerative conditions, ensuring effective and timely intervention for optimal ocular outcomes.